Episodes
Wednesday Jan 20, 2021
Wednesday Jan 20, 2021
Découvrez les 3 piliers de la domination de monde par les Britanniques à leur époque, et en quoi la Chine est bien loin de pouvoir marcher dans leurs pas!
Wednesday Jan 13, 2021
Wednesday Jan 13, 2021
Pourquoi la Chine est-elle menacée d'effondrement? Pourquoi la Chine ne pourra pas dominer le monde comme l'a fait les Etats-Unis depuis la fin de la guerre froide, et pourquoi même les Etats-Unis n'en ont plus les moyens. Quelques éléments de réponse dans ce résumé du chapitre 2 du livre de Peter Zeihan
Monday Jan 11, 2021
Disunited Nations, par Peter Zeihan, présentation et résumé chapitre 1
Monday Jan 11, 2021
Monday Jan 11, 2021
Présentation générale du livre fascinant de Peter Zeihan "Disunited Nations: The Scramble for Power in an Ungoverned World", résumé du 1er chapitre.
Friday May 29, 2020
Friday May 29, 2020
Kishore Mahbubani, ancien ambassadeur de Singapour à L'ONU, vient de publier un livre remarquable : Has China Won?: The Chinese Challenge to American Primacy
Il y apporte une perspective qui dérange, différente de ce qu'on a l'habitude d'entendre en Europe et aux Etats-Unis.
Voici ce qu'il faut retenir de l'introduction de ce nouveau livre.
à suivre : récap de chacun des chapitre
Sunday Apr 26, 2020
Friday Oct 25, 2019
Friday Oct 25, 2019
Friday Oct 25, 2019
Friday Oct 25, 2019
Résumé ci-dessous issu de cet épisode de ma newsletter ParlonsFutur
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Il faut noter que la main robotique elle-même en tant que hardware existe depuis 15 ans, utilisée par de nombreux labos pour leurs expériences
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l'algorithme lui-même qui permet de savoir quelles faces tourner dans quel sens et dans quel l'ordre, bref l'algo qui permet de résoudre le Rubik's cube, existe depuis 17 ans, un algo codé à la main, et non découvert par apprentissage par la machine, ce n'est pas ce dont il est question ici.
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De nombreux robots parviennent à résoudre le Rubik's cube, plus vite même que celui d'OpenAI ici (par ex, “a machine developed by MIT solved a cube in less than 0.4 seconds”)
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Mais aucun robot main humanoïde de ce type y était parvenu (pour un robot avec 24 degrés de liberté dans les mouvement, contre 7 en général pour un bras robot de base), c'est la dextérité du robot main qui est ici révolutionnaire, et la façon dont l'apprentissage s'est fait
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ici la nouveauté est que le logiciel derrière la main a appris de lui-même comment le faire, via un "apprentissage par renforcement", c'est-à-dire en sachant quel est l'objectif à atteindre, et en se faisant récompenser ou pénaliser plus il se rapproche ou s'éloigne de l'objectif
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“Human hands let us solve a wide variety of tasks. For the past 60 years of robotics, hard tasks which humans accomplish with their fixed pair of hands have required designing a custom robot for each task. As an alternative, people have spent many decades trying to use general-purpose robotic hardware, but with limited success due to their high degrees of freedom. In particular, the hardware we use here is not new—the robot hand we use has been around for the last 15 years—but the software approach is.”
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l'autre révolution est que le robot n'a pas eu besoin de tout apprendre dans le monde réel, mais dans une simulation virtuelle, ce qui accélère l'apprentissage puisqu'on peut accélerer le temps dans les simulations et en tenir de très nombreuses en parallèle !
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OpenAI put it through thousands of years of training in simulation before trying the physical cube solve.
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But this only takes a few days because we can parallelize the training.
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You also don’t have to worry about the robots breaking or hurting someone as you’re training these algorithms,”
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"we developed a new method called Automatic Domain Randomization (ADR), which endlessly generates progressively more difficult environments in simulation. This frees us from having an accurate model of the real world, and enables the transfer of neural networks learned in simulation to be applied to the real world”
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ADR starts with one environment, wherein a neural network learns to solve Rubik’s Cube. As the neural network gets better at the task and reaches a performance threshold, the amount of domain randomization is increased automatically. This makes the task harder, since the neural network must now learn to generalize to more randomized environments.
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One of the parameters we randomize is the size of the Rubik’s Cube. ADR begins with a fixed size of the Rubik’s Cube and gradually increases the randomization range as training progresses. We apply the same technique to all other parameters, such as the mass of the cube, the friction of the robot fingers, and the visual surface materials of the hand. The neural network thus has to learn to solve the Rubik’s Cube under all of those increasingly more difficult conditions. ADR exposes the network to an endless variety of randomized simulations
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not only did they change how much gravity there is in the simulation—they changed which way gravity points.
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We find that our system trained with ADR is surprisingly robust to perturbations even though we never trained with them: The robot can successfully perform most flips and face rotations under all tested perturbations, though not at peak performance.
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The system can handle situations it never saw during training (comme être embêté par une girafe en peluche, voir vidéo, ou avoir des doigts attachés, etc.) This shows that reinforcement learning isn’t just a tool for virtual tasks, but can solve physical-world problems requiring unprecedented dexterity.
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Our robot still hasn’t perfected its technique though, as it solves the Rubik’s Cube 60% of the time (and only 20% of the time for a maximally difficult scramble).
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Un pas vers une IA (et des robots) capable de généraliser ??
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We believe that meta-learning, or learning to learn, is an important prerequisite for building general-purpose systems, since it enables them to quickly adapt to changing conditions in their environments. The hypothesis behind our methodology ADR is that a memory-augmented networks combined with a sufficiently randomized environment leads to emergent meta-learning, where the network implements a learning algorithm that allows itself to rapidly adapt its behavior to the environment it is deployed in.
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"We believe that human-level dexterity is on the path towards building general-purpose robots"
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Un pas vers l'explicabilité ? (et la fin du syndrome boîte noire absolue?)
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Ils ont développé un moyen de visualiser ce qu'il se passe dans la mémoire de l'algo, en temps réel
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"We find that each memory group has a semantically meaningful behavior associated with it. For example, we can tell by looking at only the dominant group of the network’s memory if it is about to spin the cube or rotate the top clockwise before it happens."
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Visualizing our networks enables us to understand what they are storing in memory.
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For example, we can tell by looking at only the dominant group of the network’s memory if it is about to spin the cube or rotate the top clockwise before it happens
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Voir une vidéo du robot résolvant un cube, non éditée, vitesse réelle!
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Voir la vidéo de présentation des travaux avec toutes les perturbations originales surmontées et non-rencontrées au préalable pendant l'apprentissage
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Voir l'article sur le site d'OpenAI, avec plein de vidéos sympas
Thursday Sep 19, 2019
Thursday Sep 19, 2019
- 00:00 : intro : who's Nicolas Colin, his background, why he's in Singapore for a few days
- 2min 40sec : tell us what The Family is
- 7m 35s : can you comment on some of the points of The Family's manifesto ?
- 8m 28s : how The Family was born from the idea that we're now in the Entrepreneurial Age (and not so much the information age), derived from that foundational article The Entrepreneurial age by Babak Nivi, cofounder of AngelList
- 11m 00s : what is an entrepreneur ?
- 13m 50s : The Family has the ambition to become the new Berkshire Hathaway (as detailed here), by providing capital and unfair advantages to entrepreneurs, what about these unfair advantages ? (less and less about these, more about capital and relationships with VCs, access to VCs, help raise fast and on good terms, they have a white list of VCs)
- 16m 50s : explain why you don't believe in gathering startups together under the same roof, like in the case of France at Station F
- 20m 52s : why don't you believe in mentors for European startups ?
- 24m 30s : can you say a word about some of the startups you're helping that are representative of your portfolio ? (special mention about Heetch, a French VTC app, see more here)
- 29m 00s : how Nicolas Colin was sued himself by the CEO of the leading taxi company in Paris
- 30m 50s : tell us a bit about how you used growth hacking yourself at The Family
- 36m 38s : about ramen-entrepreneurs and cockroach-entrepreneurs
- 38m 15s : quick intro of the book Hedge: A Greater Safety Net for the Entrepreneurial Age
- 39m 40s : about the Tech Backlash that started in the US a few years ago, as the genesis for the book
- 42m 55s : the argument of the book : we have to reinvent the Great Safety Net
- 44m 05s : what the first Great Safety Net was about (see the illustration on that article with full transcript of the Q&A)
- 46m 45s : why the Great Safety Net doesn't work anymore
- 48m 42s : please define your concept of "the multitude" (or the "networked individual"), different in your mind from the masses and the people
- 53m 33s : why our age is not so much the age of data, but the Entrepreneurial Age
- 55m 52s : how now power lies outside of companies, not inside anymore
- 56m 55s : tell us about your definition of a tech company (clue : telco are not tech companies) (see image in the article with transcript of the Q&A)
- 1h 00m 07s : what about that Great Safety Net 2.0 (see image in the article)
- 1h 02m 35s : tell us about your concept of hunters vs settlers (see image in the article)
- 1h 09m 40s : the particular case of Singapore that wants to attract hunters but at the same time prevent its own people from becoming hunters themselves and leaving Singapore
- 1h 11m 55s : please elaborate on that idea of "exit unions", as a cog in your Great Safety Net 2.0
- 1h 16m 58s : why entrepreneurs will be the ones bringing about that Greater Safety Net, and not the state : the example of Lambda school
- 1h 18m 11s : examples of start-ups from The Family's portfolio helping bring about the Greater Safety Net (www.side.co)
- 1h 19m 20s : why do you think the Universal Basic Income is such a bad idea ?
- 1h 22m 56s : about BREXIT, Boris Johnson said that the UK can become the new Singapore, is it going to happen ? is BREXIT affecting your work ? (mention of How Asia Works, by Joe Studwell)
- 1h 25m 34s : why GDPR doesn't work
- 1h 28m 20s : apart from market size and homogeneity and the fact that European governments don't understand startups, why don't we have European Googles or Facebooks ? (clue : we have too good a life in Europe)
- 1h 32m 48s : are Alibaba and Tencent tech companies based on your definition ?
- 1h 34m 26s : you talked a lot about consumer-based businesses, what about the future of enterprise businesses (businesses targeting businesses) in your opinion ?
- 1h 37m 12s : do you think that the networked individual system works or already works in China ? does it have potential in Africa in the future as well ?
- 1h 39m 55s : what are your expectations from the ideal investor ? (in short : swift response, good terms, support when in trouble)
- 1h 42m 01s : what are you looking for when assessing an early-stage startup to help and invest in ? (in short : intensity)
[full transcript of the Q&A can be found here]
Interview happened with the help of the French Tech Singapore and the ENGIE factory in March 2019
Monday Nov 12, 2018
Monday Nov 12, 2018
00 min 56 sec : présentation du parcours de Jacques Attalli (JA)
01 min 56 sec : présentation de son oeuvre écrite
03 min 55 sec : comment JA définit l'intelligence artificielle (IA)
04 min 11 sec : comment définissez-vous l'intelligence humaine ?
09 min 36 sec : faut-il découpler intelligence et conscience ? peut-on imaginer des machines intelligentes qui ne seraient pas conscientes ?
11 min 35 sec :pourquoi l'IA n'est qu'une "technique sommaire et utile de prédiction, étape assez passagère avant l'avènement de sciences et technologies infiniment plus prometteuses", et constitue en fait "un appauvrissement majeur de la réflexion intellectuelle" selon JA
14 min 28 sec : l'IA va-t-elle renforcer l'emprise des GAFA sur le monde ?
15 min 05 sec : "l'IA jouera un rôle encore plus importants dans les pays totalitaires voire dans la mise en place de systèmes totalitaires dans les pays démocratiques car.."
16 min 02 sec : "l'IA sera d'abord une technologie chinoise parce que..."
18 min 06 sec : L'IA induira-t-elle un chômage de masse ?
22 min 01 sec : Sachant que l'IA sera bientôt en mesure de comprendre nos émotions et de les simuler à la perfection, les métiers reposant sur le rapport humain sont-ils donc vraiment à l'abri ?
23 min 55 sec : aux Etats-Unis, de plus en plus de jeunes choisissent délibérément de se retirer du marché du travail pour mieux profiter d'une offre de loisirs numériques toujours plus vaste, qualititative et meilleure marché voire gratuite, que pensez-vous de cette tendance ?
27 min 12 sec : que faire face aux nouvelles addictions comme les jeux vidéos et les réseaux sociaux ?
30 min 22 sec : croyez-vous à la théorie de la Singularité ? "Monsieur Kurzweil m'a toujours paru comme un gentil naïf manquant infiniment de culture"
Sunday Jan 28, 2018